Theory of Operant Conditioning is another variety of the behavioral theories of learning. It was first introduced by B.F Skinner in 1938. This theory tells us that our behaviors are determined by their consequences. In other words, we behave according to the feedbacks we receive from others in return for our actions. For example if we perform an action, which brings us positive consequences, it is likely that we will repeat this action again in future. On the other hand, if our action brings us negative consequences, it is possible that we will quit this action and avoid it in future.
Skinner used four key terms for this purpose, which are given as under:
- Positive Reinforcement: Giving something pleasant like verbal praise or some tangible rewards after a desired behavior is positive reinforcement. It will increase the possibility of the occurrence of this behavior in future.
- Negative Reinforcement: Taking away something unpleasant after a desired behavior like exemption from corporal punishment, remission of fine or reduction in the working hours of someone is negative reinforcement. It will increase the possibility of the occurrence of the desired behavior in future.
- Positive Punishment: Presenting something unpleasant like corporal punishment or fining after an undesired behavior. It will decrease the possibility of the occurrence of the undesired behavior.
- Negative Punishment: Taking away something pleasant like taking away some facility or degrading someone from higher rank after an undesired behavior. It will decrease the possibility of the occurrence of the undesired behavior.
Skinner says that positive reinforcement is more effective than negative reinforcement. Moreover, the effects of positive reinforcement are more durable than the effects of negative reinforcement.
Nowadays the principles of behavioral theories of learning are widely used in the fields of psychology and education like behavioral modification, classroom management and instruction management.
Skinner’s theory of Operant Conditioning is depicted by the following Stimulus‑Response-Stimulus relationship.
S1➺ R ➺ S2
Where S1 = Discriminative Stimulus
S2 = Contingent Stimulus
R = Response
